Debt/Equity Swap (“DES”) using common shares or preferred shares (class shares) by listed companies

1. Overview of DES

(1) Overview of DES

A Debt/Equity Swap is a method by which creditors holding monetary claims against a debtor company exchange such claims for the company’s shares (common shares or preferred shares).

By executing a DES, the debtor company is able to reduce its debts and increase its capital, thereby improving its financial condition through the recovery of solvency.

(2) DES Benefits for Creditors

As described above, a DES is a method for improving the financial condition of the debtor company. The benefits that accrue to the creditors from this method include (i) the possibility of collecting more funds in the future, via preferred dividends of the shares to be issued and sales of the shares, than would be available through debt waiver, and (ii) the possibility that the creditor may be able to exercise control of the debtor company by acquiring voting rights. (iii) In addition, in light of (i) and (ii) above, it is easy to explain that the creditor directors’ choice of DES was a rational business judgement.※1

(3) Two types of DES methods

There are two main approaches to DES under Japanese law.

Under the first approach, the creditor pays the debtor company cash and receives an allocation of shares from the debtor company. The debtor company then immediately repays its obligation to the creditor with this cash, thereby extinguishing its debts.

In the second approach, creditor contributes monetary claims in kind and is allocated shares by the debtor company.

2. Class of shares issued by DES

In a DES, both common shares and preferred shares (class shares) are often issued. Class shares tend to prevail over common shares in terms of the dividends of surplus and the distribution of residual assets, and do not entail voting rights at the shareholders meeting. In addition, many class shares have a put option and are subject to call (acquisition clause), pursuant to which such shares will be exchanged for consideration of common shares or money. The shares issued depend on the characteristics of each case. The following is an overview of the individual terms and conditions of shares issued by DES.

(1) Voting rights

The listing rules impose certain restrictions regarding voting rights. In addition, there are restrictions on the acquisition of voting rights of 5% or more under the Banking Act and the Antimonopoly Act where creditors are banks, and restrictions under the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act where creditors are foreign investors.※2

(2) Dividends and distribution of residual assets

The dividends of shares issued in a DES generally prevail over the dividends of common shares. However, the terms and conditions of such shares are directly related to economic conditions and therefore vary widely; these are decided through negotiations between the parties concerned and coordination with other stakeholders (such as other creditors). In some cases, measures such as setting the starting date of the preferred dividends after a certain period of time has elapsed since the start of the corporate reconstruction plan may be adopted.

In addition, from the viewpoint of ensuring the possibility of paying preferred dividends to creditors, cumulative preferred shares—which provide that if dividends in a given period do not reach the prescribed preferred dividend amount, the amount of the deficiency accumulates and the amount accumulated from incomes in the following period will be preferentially paid—may be issued in some cases.

(3) Shares with a put option and shares subject to call

The preferred shares issued by a DES may be shares with a put option, which may be redeemed on demand of shareholders, and shares subject to call, which may be redeemed by the stock company upon the occurrence of a specified event. When these shares are redeemed, they are exchanged for common shares or money as consideration.

Granting the put option in consideration for common shares makes it easy for creditors to sell shares issued by a DES. On the other hand, by granting the acquisition clause in consideration for common shares, a debtor company can avoid the long-term existence of preferred shares by acquiring them.

A put option for monetary consideration has the advantage for creditors that they are able to recover their investment within the distributable amount, and debtor companies can prevent the dilution of common shares and the obstruction of the independence of management rights which occurs where common shares are used as consideration. The acquisition clause for monetary consideration allows the debtor company to prevent dilution of common shares and the obstruction of the independence of management rights.

3. Consideration regarding procedures for conducting DES

When a listed company effects a DES, it is important to understand the outline of the procedures required by laws and regulations together with the grounds for such procedures. While detailed explanations are beyond the scope of this newsletter, the main points to note will be explained below.

The Companies Act requires various legal procedures, including confirmation of the total number of authorized shares, the board of directors’ resolution regarding the issuance of new shares, resolution of shareholders’ meeting to amend the articles of incorporation necessary for the issuance of class shares, consideration regarding applicability of issuance of new shares with especially favorable price, preparation of documents related to the issuance procedures such as the subscription contract and the shareholder registry, and registration. These procedures affect the timeline of a DES.※3

In addition, from the viewpoint of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act, it is necessary to prepare the extraordinary report and follow the necessary procedures for the large-scale increase of capital by allocation of shares to a third party. In some cases, it is necessary to submit a securities registration statement. As a result, prior consultation with the relevant authorities, preparing documents with respect to same and a certain waiting period until the securities registration statement takes effect are required. It is also necessary to take into account the large volume holding report and other documents that may be required to be submitted under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act.

Additionally, it is necessary to prepare various documents and comply with procedures required by the stock exchange, including preparing a press release, prior consultation with the stock exchange, complying with the code of corporate conduct, e.g. research into any relation with anti-social forces, preparing a written opinion by an independent third party and a valuation report by an external evaluation organization.

Other procedures under the Antimonopoly Act, the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act, and other regulatory laws that regulate the company’s activities, as well as the drafting of documents to be submitted to the relevant authorities, are necessary.

It is necessary to conduct legal analyses with respect to the above, plan a feasible schedule, and prepare the necessary documents, including the disclosure documents. Therefore, it is essential to proceed with legal counsel familiar with the capital market practices of listed companies in Japan.