Overview of Freelancer Protection Act

II. Purpose and Scope of Application of the Act

(i) Purpose

The Act was conceived in response to the growing diversification of work styles throughout Japan and is intended to create an environment that allows individuals to enjoy stable engagement in the businesses they undertake as enterprises, by (1) optimizing the transactions those individuals undertake as enterprises and (2) creating an employment environment for such transactions. The provisions of the Act concerning optimization of transactions introduce regulations in conformity with the Subcontract Act and are enforced primarily by the Japan Fair Trade Commission (the “JFTC”) and the Small and Medium Enterprise Agency (the “SMEA”). In contrast, the provisions on creating an employment environment provide protections for freelancers similar to those for laborers, and are enforced primarily by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (the “MHLW”).

(ii) Scope of Application

The Act applies to all transactions in which an enterprise “entrusts business” to an enterprise that does not “utilize employees”. According to the guidelines concerning the Act, “utilizing employees” means employing laborers who are expected to work at least 20 prescribed working hours per week and to be continuously employed for at least 31 days. “Entrusting business” means that an enterprise, for the benefit of its business, entrusts another enterprise to (1) manufacture goods (including processing), (2) create information-based products, or (3) provide services. Hereinafter, the entrusted enterprises who are covered by the Act are referred to simply as “freelancers”.

III. Overview of Provisions on Optimization of Transactions

The provisions on the optimization of transactions are as detailed in (i) and (ii) below. These provisions introduce regulations in conformity with the Subcontract Act and are enforced primarily by the JFTC and the SMEA.

(i) Obligations imposed on Entrusting Enterprises

• When business is entrusted to a freelancer, the particulars of the entrusted services, remuneration amount, payment date(s), and other prescribed matters must be specified to the freelancer, as a general rule immediately, in writing or electronically (Article 3, Paragraph 1).
• Freelancers shall not be subjected to adverse treatment for having reported violations of the Act by their entrusting enterprises to the JFTC or the SMEA (Article 6, Paragraph 3).

(ii) Obligations imposed on Entrusting Enterprises Which “Utilize Employees”

The following provisions apply to entrusting enterprises which “utilize employees”.

• As a general rule, the payment date for remuneration must be set within the shortest possible period, not to exceed 60 days counting from the date of receipt of the goods or services, and the remuneration must be paid by said date (Article 4, Paragraph 1, 5).
• In the case of any entrusted business which occurs over a period of time longer than the “period specified by cabinet order” (including where the entrustment of business continues beyond such period due to renewal of the agreement), there shall be no (1) refusal of receipt, (2) reduction of remuneration, (3) return of goods, (4) setting of a conspicuously low price, (5) coercion of purchase or use, (6) improper demand for economic gains, or (7) improper change of work contents or request for rework (Article 5). According to the cabinet order concerning the Act, the “period specified by cabinet order” with regard to this Article is one month.

(iii) Relationship to Anti-Monopoly Act and Subcontract Act

According to the guidelines concerning application of the Act, the Act shall have priority in principle with regard to any conduct that violates both the Act and the Anti-Monopoly Act. Likewise, the Act shall have priority in principle with regard to any conduct that violates both the Act and the Subcontract Act.

IV. Overview of Provisions concerning the Creation of an Employment Environment

The provisions concerning the creation of an employment environment are as detailed below. The following provisions provide protections for freelancers similar to those for laborers and are enforced primarily by the MHLW. In addition, all of the following provisions also apply to entrusting enterprises that “utilize employees”.

• When information related to the recruitment of freelancers is provided in the form of advertisements or the like, (1) no false or misleading representations shall be made, and (2) the provided information must be kept accurate and up to date (Article 12).
• Measures shall be taken for creation of the systems necessary for the appropriate handling of consultations regarding harassment of freelancers (Article 14, Paragraph 1).
• In the case of any entrusted business which occurs over a period of time longer than the “period specified by cabinet order” (including where the entrustment of business continues beyond such period due to renewal of the agreement):
  • necessary accommodation, if requested, must be granted to ensure that the freelancer can balance carrying out the entrusted business with childcare or other such activities (Article 13, Paragraph 1); and
  • if the agreement for entrusted business is to be cancelled, as a rule, the freelancer must be notified at least 30 days in advance (Article 16, Paragraph 1).
  • According to the cabinet order concerning the Act, the “period specified by cabinet order” with regard to Article 13, Paragraph 1 and Article 16, Paragraph 1 is six months.

V. Recommendations, Orders, Announcements, etc.

When an entrusting enterprise is found to have violated certain provisions, the JFTC or the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare is entitled to issue a recommendation that such entrusting enterprise must take necessary remedial measures (Articles 8, 18). Further, when an entrusting enterprise subjected to such a recommendation has failed to take the measures of such recommendation without justifiable grounds, the JFTC or the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare is entitled to order the entrusting enterprise to take the recommended measures and, if it gives such an order, is entitled to announce that it has done so (Articles 9, 19). Cases where such orders are breached will be subject to a fine of up to 500,000 yen (Article 24, Item (i)).

VI. Conclusion

As detailed above, entrusting enterprises involved in transactions with freelancers should confirm what obligations they will incur under the Act with respect to such transactions. This includes verifying such matters as whether the freelancers they engage are enterprises that do not “utilize employees”, whether their transactions with those freelancers constitute “entrusting business”, and the length of the period over which business will be entrusted to such freelancers. Even where such verification confirms the presence of transactions subject to the Act, entrusting enterprises which already have systems in place for compliance with the Subcontract Act may have fewer matters that need to be newly prepared to ensure compliance with the Act. In contrast, entrusting enterprises that are not subject to the Subcontract Act because they do not satisfy the stated capital requirements of said Subcontract Act, and that cannot be said to have such systems in place, may be faced with an urgent task to put such systems in place to ensure compliance with the Act. In light of the fact that the Act will take effect on November 1, 2024, it is desirable for entrusting enterprises that have or are planning to have dealings with freelancers to move forward with verification of the Act’s potential application to them, and whether they need to take action for legal/regulatory compliance.